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Aaron and Moses Meets Pharaoh Again

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Prophet, high priest, and the brother of Moses in the Abrahamic religions

Aaron
Aaron (Kirillo-Belozersk).jpg

Russian icon of Aaron from the 17th century
Prophet, High Priest
Venerated in Judaism
Christianity
Islam
Baháʼí Organized religion
Banquet Latin Church building: July 1
The Dominicus before Nativity (Lord's day of the Holy Fathers of the Old Attestation) (Eastern Orthodox Church)
Maronite Church: September iv

According to the Abrahamic religions, Aaron [note 1] ( or ; Hebrew: אַהֲרֹן 'Ahărōn)[3] was a prophet, loftier priest, and the elder brother of Moses.[4] [5] [6] [7] [eight] [9] Knowledge of Aaron, along with his blood brother Moses, comes exclusively from religious texts, such every bit the Bible and Quran.

The Hebrew Bible relates that, unlike Moses, who grew upward in the Egyptian majestic court, Aaron and his elder sister Miriam remained with their kinsmen in the eastern border-land of Egypt (Goshen). When Moses first confronted the Egyptian male monarch about the Israelites, Aaron served as his brother's spokesman ("prophet") to the Pharaoh (Exodus 7:1). Role of the Police force given to Moses at Sinai granted Aaron the priesthood for himself and his male descendants, and he became the first High Priest of the Israelites.[x]

Aaron died before the Israelites crossed the Hashemite kingdom of jordan river. Co-ordinate to the Book of Numbers, he died and was cached on Mount Hor,[11] [12] Deuteronomy however places these events at Moserah.[11] [13] Aaron is also mentioned in the New Testament of the Bible (Luke, Acts, and Hebrews).[14] [xv] [sixteen]

Biblical narrative [edit]

Moses and Aaron before Paraoh

According to the Book of Exodus, Aaron first functioned equally Moses' assistant. Considering Moses complained that he could not speak well, God appointed Aaron as Moses' "prophet" (Exodus 4:ten-17; 7:one).[note 2] At the command of Moses, he let his rod turn into a ophidian.[17] And so he stretched out his rod in order to bring on the kickoff three plagues.[18] [nineteen] [20] After that, Moses tended to deed and speak for himself.[21] [22] [23]

During the journey in the wilderness, Aaron was not always prominent or active. At the boxing with Amalek, he was chosen with Hur to support the mitt of Moses that held the "rod of God".[24] When the revelation was given to Moses at Mount Sinai, he headed the elders of Israel who accompanied Moses on the mode to the summit. While Joshua went with Moses to the top, however, Aaron and Hur remained beneath to look after the people.[25] From here on in Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers, Joshua appears in the part of Moses' assistant while Aaron functions instead as the first high priest.

High Priest [edit]

Aaron depicted by Jacques Bergé

The books of Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers maintain that Aaron received from God a monopoly over the priesthood for himself and his male descendants.[26] The family of Aaron had the exclusive right and responsibleness to make offerings on the altar to Yahweh. The rest of his tribe, the Levites, were given subordinate responsibilities inside the sanctuary.[27] Moses anointed and consecrated Aaron and his sons to the priesthood, and arrayed them in the robes of part.[28] He also related to them God's detailed instructions for performing their duties while the rest of the Israelites listened.[29] Aaron and his successors as high priest were given control over the Urim and Thummim past which the will of God could be determined.[30] [1] God deputed the Aaronide priests to distinguish the holy from the mutual and the clean from the unclean, and to teach the divine laws (the Torah) to the Israelites.[31] The priests were besides commissioned to bless the people.[32] [33] [34] When Aaron completed the altar offerings for the start time and, with Moses, "blessed the people: and the glory of the 50ORD appeared unto all the people: And there came a fire out from before the FiftyORD, and consumed upon the altar the burnt offer and the fat [which] when all the people saw, they shouted, and brutal on their faces".[35] [36] In this fashion, the establishment of the Aaronide priesthood was established.[37]

In later books of the Hebrew Bible, Aaron and his kin are not mentioned very oft except in literature dating to the Babylonian captivity and afterward. The books of Judges, Samuel and Kings mention priests and Levites, but do not mention the Aaronides in particular. The Book of Ezekiel, which devotes much attention to priestly matters, calls the priestly upper class the Zadokites after one of King David's priests.[1] It does reflect a two-tier priesthood with the Levites in subordinate position. A 2-tier hierarchy of Aaronides and Levites appears in Ezra, Nehemiah and Chronicles. As a upshot, many historians think that Aaronide families did not control the priesthood in pre-exilic State of israel. What is clear is that high priests claiming Aaronide descent dominated the Second Temple period.[38] Most scholars think the Torah reached its terminal form early in this flow, which may business relationship for Aaron's prominence in Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers.

Conflicts [edit]

Aaron plays a leading role in several stories of conflicts during Israel's wilderness wanderings. During the prolonged absence of Moses on Mount Sinai, the people provoked Aaron to make a golden calf[39] This incident nigh caused God to destroy the Israelites.[40] Moses successfully intervened, but then led the loyal Levites in executing many of the culprits; a plague affected those who were left.[41] Aaron, however, escaped penalty for his function in the affair, because of the intercession of Moses according to Deuteronomy ix:xx.[42] Later retellings of this story almost always excuse Aaron for his role.[43] For example, in rabbinic sources[44] [45] and in the Quran, Aaron was not the idol-maker and upon Moses' return begged his pardon because he felt mortally threatened by the Israelites.[46]

On the day of Aaron's induction, his oldest sons, Nadab and Abihu, were burned upward by divine fire because they offered "strange" incense.[47] Most interpreters recollect this story reflects a conflict between priestly families some time in State of israel's past. Others fence that the story simply shows what can happen if the priests exercise not follow God's instructions given through Moses.[43]

The Torah generally depicts the siblings, Moses, Aaron, and Miriam, every bit the leaders of State of israel later on the Exodus, a view also reflected in the biblical Book of Micah.[48] Numbers 12, nevertheless, reports that on one occasion, Aaron and Miriam complained nearly Moses' exclusive merits to be the LORD's prophet.[49] Their presumption was rebuffed past God who affirmed Moses' uniqueness equally the one with whom the LORD spoke face to face up. Miriam was punished with a skin disease (tzaraath) that turned her skin white. Aaron pleaded with Moses to intercede for her, and Miriam, subsequently seven days' quarantine, was healed. Aaron over again escaped whatsoever retribution.

According to Numbers xvi–17, a Levite named Korah led many in challenging Aaron'south exclusive claim to the priesthood. When the rebels were punished by being swallowed upwardly by the earth,[50] Eleazar, the son of Aaron, was commissioned to take charge of the censers of the dead priests. And when a plague broke out among the people who had sympathized with the rebels, Aaron, at the control of Moses, took his censer and stood between the living and the dead till the plague abated (Numbers xvi:36, 17:ane).

To emphasize the validity of the Levites' claim to the offerings and tithes of the Israelites, Moses collected a rod from the leaders of each tribe in Israel and laid the twelve rods overnight in the tent of coming together. The adjacent forenoon, Aaron's rod was plant to have budded and blossomed and produced ripe almonds.[51] [52] The post-obit chapter then details the distinction between Aaron's family and the residuum of the Levites: while all the Levites (and merely Levites) were devoted to the care of the sanctuary, accuse of its interior and the altar was committed to the Aaronites lonely.[53]

Death [edit]

Aaron, similar Moses, was not permitted to enter Canaan with the Israelites[xi] because the two brothers showed impatience at Meribah (Kadesh) in the last yr of the desert pilgrimage,[54] when Moses brought water out of a rock to quench the people'south thirst. Although they had been allowable to speak to the rock, Moses struck it with the staff twice, which was construed as displaying a lack of deference to the 50ORD.[11] [55]

At that place are two accounts of the death of Aaron in the Torah.[eleven] Numbers says that soon after the incident at Meribah, Aaron with his son Eleazar and Moses ascended Mount Hor. There Moses stripped Aaron of his priestly garments and transferred them to Eleazar. Aaron died on the summit of the mountain, and the people mourned for him thirty days.[56] [eleven] [57] [58] The other business relationship is found in Deuteronomy 10:6, where Aaron died at Moserah and was buried.[11] [59] There is a significant corporeality of travel between these two points, as the itinerary in Numbers 33:31–37 records seven stages betwixt Moseroth (Mosera) and Mount Hor.[11] [60] Aaron died on the 1st of Av and was 123 at the time of his death.[61] [62] [63]

Descendants [edit]

Aaron married Elisheba, daughter of Amminadab and sister of Nahshon of the tribe of Judah.[64] The sons of Aaron were Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar and Itamar;[note 3] only the latter 2 had progeny. A descendant of Aaron is an Aaronite, or Kohen, pregnant Priest.[66] [67] Any non-Aaronic Levite—i.e., descended from Levi merely not from Aaron[68]—assisted the Levitical priests of the family of Aaron in the intendance of the tabernacle; later of the temple.[annotation 4]

The Gospel of Luke records that both Zechariah and Elizabeth and therefore their son John the Baptist were descendants of Aaron.[69]

Family tree [edit]

Jacob Leah
Levi
Gershon Kehath Merari
Libni Shimei Izhar Hebron Uzziel Mahli Mushi
Jochebed Amram Mishael Elzaphan Zithri
Miriam Aaron Moses Zipporah
Gershom Eliezer

Historicity [edit]

In religious traditions [edit]

Jewish rabbinic literature [edit]

The older prophets and prophetical writers beheld in their priests the representatives of a religious form inferior to the prophetic truth; men without the spirit of God and lacking the will-power requisite to resist the multitude in its idolatrous proclivities.[70] Thus Aaron, the outset priest, ranks below Moses: he is his mouthpiece, and the executor of the will of God revealed through Moses, although information technology is pointed out[71] that it is said fifteen times in the Torah that "the Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron."

Nether the influence of the priesthood that shaped the destinies of the nation nether Persian dominion, a different ideal of the priest was formed, according to Malachi 2:iv-vii, and the prevailing tendency was to identify Aaron on a footing equal with Moses.[70] "At times Aaron, and at other times Moses, is mentioned starting time in Scripture—this is to show that they were of equal rank," says the Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, which strongly implies this when introducing in its record of renowned men the glowing clarification of Aaron'south ministration.[70]

In fulfillment of the promise of peaceful life, symbolized by the pouring of oil upon his head,[72] Aaron's death, as described in the aggadah, was of a wonderful quiet.[63] Accompanied by Moses, his brother, and by Eleazar, his son, Aaron went to the summit of Mountain Hor, where the rock suddenly opened before him and a beautiful cave lit past a lamp presented itself to his view. Moses said, "Accept off your priestly raiment and place it upon your son Eleazar! and then follow me."[63] Aaron did as allowable; and they entered the cave, where was prepared a bed around which angels stood. "Become lie downwards upon thy bed, my brother," Moses continued; and Aaron obeyed without a murmur.[63] Then his soul departed equally if by a kiss from God. The cave airtight behind Moses as he left; and he went down the hill with Eleazar, with garments rent, and crying: "Alas, Aaron, my brother! g, the pillar of supplication of State of israel!"[63] When the Israelites cried in bewilderment, "Where is Aaron?" angels were seen conveying Aaron'due south bier through the air.[63] A vocalization was then heard proverb: "The law of truth was in his mouth, and iniquity was not found on his lips: he walked with me in righteousness, and brought many back from sin"[73] [63] He died on the first of Av.[62] [63] The pillar of cloud which proceeded in front of Israel's camp disappeared at Aaron's death.[62] [63] The seeming contradiction betwixt Numbers 20:22 et seq. and Deuteronomy 10:vi is solved by the rabbis in the post-obit manner: Aaron's decease on Mount Hor was marked by the defeat of the people in a state of war with the rex of Arad, in consequence of which the Israelites fled, marching seven stations astern to Mosera, where they performed the rites of mourning for Aaron; wherefore it is said: "There [at Mosera] died Aaron."[63] [annotation 5]

The rabbis particularly praise the brotherly sentiment betwixt Aaron and Moses. When Moses was appointed ruler and Aaron high priest, neither betrayed whatever jealousy; instead they rejoiced in each other's greatness. When Moses at first declined to get to Pharaoh, saying: "O my Lord, transport, I pray, by the hand of him whom you will send",[74] he was unwilling to deprive Aaron of the high position the latter had held for so many years; but the Lord reassured him, saying: "Behold, when he sees you, he volition exist glad in his heart."[75] [63] Indeed, Aaron was to find his reward, says Shimon bar Yochai; for that middle which had leaped with joy over his younger blood brother's rise to glory greater than his was decorated with the Urim and Thummim, which were to "be upon Aaron's heart when he goeth in earlier the Lord".[76] [63] Moses and Aaron met in gladness of heart, kissing each other as true brothers,[77] and of them information technology is written: "Behold how skilful and how pleasant [it is] for brethren to dwell together in unity!"[78] [63] Of them it is said: "Mercy and truth are met together; righteousness and peace accept kissed [each other]";[79] for Moses stood for righteousness[80] and Aaron for peace.[81] Once again, mercy was personified in Aaron, according to Deuteronomy 33:8, and truth in Moses, according to Numbers 12:7.[63] [82]

When Moses poured the oil of anointment upon the head of Aaron, Aaron modestly shrank back and said: "Who knows whether I accept not cast some blemish upon this sacred oil and then equally to forfeit this loftier office." Then the Shekhinah spoke the words: "Behold the precious ointment upon the caput, that ran down upon the beard of Aaron, that even went downward to the skirts of his garment, is as pure as the dew of Hermon."[83] [63] [84]

Co-ordinate to Tanhuma,[85] Aaron'southward activeness equally a prophet began before than that of Moses.[70] Hillel held Aaron up equally an example, maxim: "Be of the disciples of Aaron, loving peace and pursuing peace; love your fellow creatures and describe them almost unto the Constabulary!"[86] [ ameliorate source needed ] This is further illustrated past the tradition[87] that Aaron was an ideal priest of the people, far more beloved for his kindly ways than was Moses.[xi] While Moses was stern and uncompromising, brooking no wrong, Aaron went near every bit peacemaker, reconciling man and wife when he saw them estranged, or a man with his neighbor when they quarreled, and winning evil-doers dorsum into the right way by his friendly intercourse.[88] Every bit a upshot, Aaron's death was more intensely mourned than Moses': when Aaron died the whole house of Israel wept, including the women,[89] [63] [90] while Moses was bewailed past "the sons of Israel" only.[91] [63] [92] Even in the making of the Golden Dogie the rabbis find extenuating circumstances for Aaron.[63] [93] His fortitude and silent submission to the will of God on the loss of his two sons are referred to equally an first-class example to men how to glorify God in the midst of great affliction.[63] [94] Specially meaning are the words represented as existence spoken by God after the princes of the Twelve Tribes had brought their dedication offerings into the newly reared Tabernacle: "Say to thy brother Aaron: Greater than the gifts of the princes is thy gift; for 1000 fine art called upon to kindle the light, and, while the sacrifices shall terminal only as long every bit the Temple lasts, thy light shall concluding forever."[63] [95]

Christianity [edit]

In the Eastern Orthodox and Maronite churches, Aaron is venerated as a saint whose feast day is shared with his blood brother Moses and historic on September 4. (Those churches that follow the traditional Julian agenda celebrate this 24-hour interval on September 17 of the modern Gregorian calendar). Aaron is as well commemorated with other Old Testament saints on the Sunday of the Holy Fathers, the Dominicus before Christmas.

Aaron is commemorated as one of the Holy Forefathers in the Calendar of Saints of the Armenian Churchly Church on July xxx. He is commemorated on July 1 in the mod Latin calendar and in the Syriac Calendar.

Latter-day Saints [edit]

In The Church building of Jesus Christ of Latter-solar day Saints, the Aaronic order is the lesser social club of priesthood, comprising the grades (from lowest to highest) of deacon, teacher, and priest. The primary function of the Aaronic priesthood is the presiding bishopric;[96] the head of the priesthood is the bishop. Each ward includes a quorum of one or more of each office of the Aaronic priesthood.[97]

In the Community of Christ, the Aaronic order of priesthood is regarded as an appendage to the Melchisedec order, and consists of the priesthood offices of deacon, teacher, and priest. While differing in responsibilities, these offices, along with those of the Melchisidec lodge, are regarded equally equal before God.

Islam [edit]

Aaron (Standard arabic: هارون, Hārūn) is mentioned in the Quran equally a prophet of God.[98] The Quran praises Aaron repeatedly, calling him a "believing servant"[99] as well as 1 who was "guided"[100] and 1 of the "victors".[101] Aaron is important in Islam for his role in the events of the Exodus, in which, according to the Quran and Islamic belief, he preached with his elderberry blood brother, Moses to the Pharaoh of the Exodus.[102] [103]

Aaron'southward significance in Islam, however, is not limited to his role as the helper of Moses. Islamic tradition also accords Aaron the office of a patriarch, as tradition records that the priestly descent came through Aaron's lineage, which included the entire House of Amran.[note 6] [note 7]

Baháʼí Faith [edit]

In the Baháʼí Faith, although his begetter is described as both an campaigner and a prophet, Aaron is merely described every bit a prophet. The Kitáb-i-Íqán describes Imran equally his father.[106] [107]

In art [edit]

Aaron appears paired with Moses frequently in Jewish and Christian art, especially in the illustrations of manuscript and printed Bibles.[108] He tin can usually be distinguished past his priestly vestments, specially his turban or miter and jeweled breastplate. He frequently holds a censer or, sometimes, his flowering rod. Aaron also appears in scenes depicting the wilderness Tabernacle and its chantry, every bit already in the 3rd-century frescos in the synagogue at Dura-Europos in Syria. An eleventh-century portable silver altar from Fulda, Deutschland depicts Aaron with his censor, and is located in the Musée de Cluny in Paris. This is besides how he appears in the frontispieces of early printed Passover Haggadot and occasionally in church sculptures. Aaron has rarely been the subject of portraits, such every bit those by Anton Kern [1710–1747] and past Pier Francesco Mola [c. 1650].[109] Christian artists sometimes portray Aaron as a prophet[110] holding a scroll, equally in a 12th-century sculpture from the Cathedral of Noyon in the Metropolitan Museum of Fine art, New York and often in Eastern Orthodox icons. Illustrations of the Golden Dogie story usually include him as well – almost notably in Nicolas Poussin'due south The Admiration of the Gold Calf (ca. 1633–34, National Gallery, London).[111] Finally, some artists interested in validating later priesthoods take painted the ordination of Aaron and his sons (Leviticus viii). Harry Anderson's realistic portrayal is often reproduced in the literature of the Latter Day Saints.[note 8] [108]

See also [edit]

  • Harun
  • Moses in rabbinic literature
  • Y-chromosomal Aaron

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Hebrew: אַהֲרֹן ′aharon,[1] Arabic: هارون, romanized: Hārūn , Greek (Septuagint): Ἀαρών; often called Aaron the priest (אֵהֲרֹן הֵכֹּהֵן‎) and once Aaron the Levite (אַהֲרֹן הַלֵּוִי‎) (Exodus four:14).[2]
  2. ^ He spoke and acted on behalf of Moses with the Egyptian royal court, including performing miraculous "signs" to validate Moses' mission.
  3. ^ Now these are the divisions of the sons of Aaron. The sons of Aaron; Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar.[65]
  4. ^ Co-ordinate to Samaritan sources, a ceremonious war one time broke out between the sons of Itamar Eli (Bible) and the sons of Phineas (son of Eleazar) that resulted in a division of those who followed Eli and those who followed Loftier Priest Uzzi ben Bukki at Mount Gerizim Bethel. (A third group followed neither.) Ironically, and as well according to Samaritan sources, the high priests' line of the sons of Phineas died out in 1624 CE with the death of the 112th High Priest, Shlomyah ben Pinhas, at which time the priesthood was transferred to the sons of Itamar. Run into commodity Samaritan for list of Loftier Priests from 1613 to 2004—the 131st high priest of the Samaritans is Elazar ben Tsedaka ben Yitzhaq. Too see article, Samaritan
  5. ^ See Mekhilta, Beshallaḥ, Vayassa, 1; Tanhuma, Hukkat, 18; Yerushalmi Sotah, 1 17c, and Targum Pseudo-Jonathan Numbers and Deuteronomy on the above mentioned passages.
  6. ^ All commentators, classical and modern, hold that the Quranic House of Amran refers to Imrān'south lineage, through his son Aaron. (cf. Muhammad Asad, Yusuf 'Ali and Ibn Kathir's commentary on Q. 19:28)[104]
  7. ^ "In the second group, nosotros have the dandy founders of families, apart from Abraham, viz., Noah of the fourth dimension of the Alluvion; David and Solomon, the real establishers of the Jewish monarchy; Job, who lived 140 years, saw four generations of descendants, and was blessed at the end of his life with large pastoral wealth (Job 42:16,12); Joseph, who equally Government minister of State did great things in Egypt and was the progenitor of two Tribes; and Moses and Aaron, the leaders of the Exodus from Arab republic of egypt. They led agile lives and called 'doers of good.'"[105]
  8. ^ Harry Anderson'due south Aaron Is Called to the Ministry is in the Conference Middle of the LDS Church in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Footnotes [edit]

  1. ^ a b c Olson 2000, pp. i–ii
  2. ^ Exodus four:14
  3. ^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Lexicon (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN9781405881180
  4. ^ Ibn Hisham 1967, p. 604; §=897
  5. ^ Exodus 6:16-20, 7:7
  6. ^ Quran 7:103-156
  7. ^ Quran 19:41-53
  8. ^ Quran twenty:ix-98
  9. ^ Quran 28:34
  10. ^ Rockwood 2007, p. i
  11. ^ a b c d e f k h i McCurdy 1906, p. 3
  12. ^ Numbers 20:22, 33:38)
  13. ^ Deuteronomy 10:6
  14. ^ (Luke 1:v
  15. ^ Acts 7:40
  16. ^ Hebrews 5:4, 7:eleven, nine:four)
  17. ^ Exodus 7:9, New Revised Standard Version
  18. ^ Exodus 7:19 HE, Exodus 8:1,12.
  19. ^ Exodus 8:one, HE
  20. ^ Exodus 8:12HE
  21. ^ Exodus 9:23 HE
  22. ^ Exodus 10:thirteen HE
  23. ^ Exodus ten:22 HE
  24. ^ Exodus 17:9
  25. ^ KJV
  26. ^ Exodus 28:1
  27. ^ Numbers 3
  28. ^ Leviticus viii; cf. Exodus 28–29
  29. ^ Leviticus i–vii, 11–27
  30. ^ Exodus 28:30
  31. ^ Leviticus 10:10-xi
  32. ^ Numbers 6:22-27
  33. ^ Mariottini 2006
  34. ^ Numbers 6:22–27
  35. ^ Leviticus 9:23-24
  36. ^ Leviticus 9:23–24
  37. ^ Souvay 1913, p. 7
  38. ^ VanderKam 2004[ folio needed ]
  39. ^ Exodus 32:1-6
  40. ^ Exodus 32:10
  41. ^ KJV
  42. ^ KJV
  43. ^ a b Watts 2011
  44. ^ Talmud Shabbat 99a
  45. ^ Exodus Rabbah 41
  46. ^ Quran vii:142-152
  47. ^ Leviticus 10:i
  48. ^ Micah 6:four
  49. ^ Numbers 12
  50. ^ KJV
  51. ^ Numbers 17:8
  52. ^ Mays 2000, p. 177
  53. ^ Numbers 18:i
  54. ^ Numbers twenty:12-13
  55. ^ Numbers twenty:vii
  56. ^ Numbers 20:22-29; compare 33:38-39)
  57. ^ Numbers twenty:22
  58. ^ Numbers 33:38
  59. ^ Deuteronomy ten:vi
  60. ^ Numbers 33:31
  61. ^ Gutstein 1997, p. iii
  62. ^ a b c according to Seder Olam Rabbah 9, Rosh Hashana ii, 3a
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m northward o p q r s t Kohler 1906, p. 4
  64. ^ Exodus half dozen:23
  65. ^ 1 Chronicles 24:1
  66. ^ Steinmetz 2005, p. 95
  67. ^ Freedman, Beck & Myers 2000, p. i
  68. ^ Harbour, Reed & Tinsley 2005, pp. 47–48
  69. ^ Luke 1:5
  70. ^ a b c d Kohler 1906, p. 3
  71. ^ Sifra, Wa-yiḳra, one
  72. ^ Leviticus Rabbah 10, Midrash Tehillim 133:ane
  73. ^ Malachi 2:six
  74. ^ Exodus 4:13
  75. ^ Exodus four:14
  76. ^ Canticles Rabbah i:ten
  77. ^ Exodus four:27; compare Song of Songs viii:1
  78. ^ Psalm 133:i
  79. ^ Psalm 85:10
  80. ^ Deuteronomy 33:21
  81. ^ Malachi 2:half-dozen
  82. ^ (Tanhuma, Shemot, ed. Buber, 24-26)
  83. ^ Psalm 133:ii–3
  84. ^ Sifra, Shemini, Milluim; Tanhuma, Korah, ed. Buber, 14
  85. ^ ed. Buber, 2:12
  86. ^ Atlas Tours
  87. ^ Preserved in Avot of Rabbi Natan 12, Sanhedrin 6b, and elsewhere
  88. ^ Kohler 1906, pp. three–4
  89. ^ Numbers 20:29
  90. ^ Numbers 20:29
  91. ^ Deuteronomy 34:eight)
  92. ^ Deuteronomy 34:eight
  93. ^ Sanhedrin 7a
  94. ^ Zebahim 115b
  95. ^ Tanhuma, ed. Buber, Behaalotecha, 6
  96. ^ Church building of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 2001, p. 79
  97. ^ Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 2001, p. 25
  98. ^ Quran 19:53
  99. ^ Quran 37:122
  100. ^ Quran half-dozen:84
  101. ^ Quran 37:114-122
  102. ^ Glasse 1989, pp. ix–10
  103. ^ Quran 19:41-53
  104. ^ Ali 1998, p. 773 §=2481
  105. ^ Ali 1998, p. 312 §=904
  106. ^ Bahá'u'lláh & 'Abdu'l-Bahá 1976, p. 270
  107. ^ Baha'u'llah 2003, p. 243
  108. ^ a b Watts 2013[ folio needed ]
  109. ^ Kline 2010
  110. ^ Exodus 7:1
  111. ^ National Gallery 2013

References [edit]

  • --- (Atlas Tours). "Aaron's Tomb, Petra". Atlas Travel and Tourist Agency. Archived from the original on July 26, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  • --- (Chabad organisation). "Ethics of the Fathers: Chapter I". Chabad.org . Retrieved August ane, 2014. 1:12 Hillel and Shammai received from them. Hillel would say: Be of the disciples of Aaron--a lover of peace, a pursuer of peace, one who loves the creatures and draws them close to Torah.
  • Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (1998). The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary (in English and Arabic). Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an. ISBN978-0-940368-31-6.
  • Baha'u'llah (2003) [1861]. The Kitab-i-Iqan: The Volume of Certitude. Translated by Shoghi Effendi. Baha'i Pub. ISBN978-one-931847-08-7.
  • Bahá'u'lláh; 'Abdu'l-Bahá (1976). Selected Writings of Bahá'u'lláh and 'Abdu'l-Bahá. US Bahá'í Publishing Trust.
  • Church building of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (2001) [1979]. Duties and Blessings of the Priesthood: Basic Manual for Priesthood Holders, Office A. Salt Lake City, UT: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-mean solar day Saints.
  • Freedman, David Noel; Beck, Astrid P.; Myers, Allen C., eds. (2000). "Aaron". Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. i–2. ISBN9780802824004.
  • Glasse, Cyril (1989). "Aaron". Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. Harper & Row. ISBN978-0-06-063123-ix.
  • Gutstein, Morris A. (1997). "Aaron". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.). Collier'south Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A to Ameland (1st ed.). New York, NY: P.F. Collier.
  • Harbour, Brian; Reed, Wilma; Tinsley, William (2005). The Gospel of Luke: Journeying to the Cantankerous (Adult Study Guide). BaptistWay Press. ISBN978-1-931060-69-ane.
  • Ibn Hisham, 'Abd al-Malik (1967) [1955]. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated by A. Guillaume. Lahore, Pakistan: Pakistan Branch Oxford University Press.
  • Kline, Fred R. (2010). "Aaron, Holy to the Lord". Kline Gallery. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
  • Kohler, Kaufmann (1906). "Aaron - In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature (Moses and Aaron Compared) & (Death of Aaron)". In Vocaliser, Isidore (ed.). The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Tape of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from Earliest Times: Complete in Twelve Volumes. Ktav Publishing House. ASIN B000B68W5S.
  • Lings, Martin (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. ISBN978-0-04-297050-ix.
  • Mariottini, Dr. Claude (March 17, 2006). "The Priestly Benediction: Numbers 6:24-26". Dr. Claude Mariottini – Professor of One-time Testament . Retrieved May 1, 2014.
  • Mays, James 50., ed. (2000) [1988]. The HarperCollins Bible Commentary (Revised ed.). San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN0-06-065548-eight.
  • McCurdy, J. Frederic (1906). "Aaron - Biblical Data (Decease)". In Singer, Isidore (ed.). The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Tape of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from Earliest Times: Complete in Twelve Volumes. Ktav Publishing House. ASIN B000B68W5S.
  • National Gallery (2013). "The Adoration of the Golden Dogie". National Gallery.
  • Olson, Dennis T. (2000). "Aaron". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible (1st ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN978-0-8028-2400-4.
  • Rockwood, Camilla, ed. (2007). "Aaron". Chambers Biographical Dictionary (8th ed.). Edinburgh, Great britain: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltc. ISBN978-0550-10200-three.
  • Souvay, Charles Léon (1913). "Aaron". In Herbermann, Charles G.; Pace, Edward A.; Fallen, Conde B.; Shahan, Thomas J.; Wynne, John J. (eds.). The Cosmic Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A — Assize. New York, NY: Robert Appleton Co. pp. v–7. ASIN B006UETSQM.
  • Steinmetz, Sol (2005). "kohen". Dictionary of Jewish Usage: A Guide to the Use of Jewish Terms. Lanham, Physician: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 95–96. ISBN978-0-7425-4387-4.
  • VanderKam, James C. (2004). From Joshua to Caiaphas: High Priests after the Exile. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Fortress Publishers. ISBN0-8006-2617-6.
  • Watts, James W. (2013). "Illustrating Leviticus: Art, Ritual, Politics". Biblical Reception. 2: 3–xv.
  • Wells, John C. (1990). "Aaron". Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN978-0-582-05383-0.
  • Wheeler, Brannon (2013). "Tomb of Aaron". usna.edu. Usa Naval University. Archived from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2014.

Further reading [edit]

  • Aberbach, Moses; Smolar, Leivy (June 1967). "Aaron, Jeroboam and the Aureate Calves". Journal of Biblical Literature. 86 (2): 129–140. doi:10.2307/3263268. JSTOR 3263268.
  • Ginzberg, Louis, ed. (1909–1938). The Legends of the Jews (7 vols.). Translated by Henrietta Szold & Paul Radin. Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Social club of America. LCCN 0901-4182.
  • Kaufmann, Yehezkel (1960). The Religion of State of israel: From its Beginnings to the Babylonian Exile. Translated and abridged past Moshe Greenberg. New York, NY: Schocken Books. LCCN 6000-5466.
  • Kennet, R. H. (January 1905). "The Origin of the Aaronite Priesthood". The Journal of Theological Studies (22): 161–186. doi:10.1093/jts/os-Half-dozen.22.161.
  • McCurdy, J. Frederic; Kohler, Kaufmann (1901). "Aaron". The Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls. which cites
    • Numbers Rabbah nine
    • Leviticus Rabbah 10
    • Midrash Peṭirat Aharon in Jellinek's Bet ha-Midrash, 1:91–95
    • Yalḳuṭ Numbers 764
    • Baring-Gould, Sabine (2009) [1871]. Legends of Old Attestation Characters. Vol. Ii: From the Talmud and Other Sources. BiblioBazaar. ISBN978-1-1037-2117-vii.
    • Elʻazar ben Asher, ha-Leṿi (1899). The Chronicles of Jerahmeel. translated by Grand. Gaster. London, U.k.: The Royal Asiatic Society. pp. 130–133. LCCN 4403-4408.
    • Holweck, Frederick G. (1924). A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co.
  • Meek, Theophile James (April 1929). "Aaronites and Zadokites". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. 45 (three): 149–166. doi:10.1086/370226. S2CID 170552287.
  • Meek, Theophile James (1950) [1936]. Hebrew Origins (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 5001-1526.
  • Watts, James W. (Autumn 2011). "Aaron and the Golden Calf in the Rhetoric of the Pentateuch". Periodical of Biblical Literature. Society of Biblical Literature. 130 (3): 417–430. doi:10.2307/41304211. ISSN 0021-9231. JSTOR 41304211. S2CID 44054114.

References in the Qur'an

  • Aaron'southward prophecy: iv:163, 6:84,
  • Aaron is made helper of Moses: 19:53, 25:35, 26:13, 28:34, 28:35
  • Aaron and Moses sent to Pharaoh: 23:45, 10:75, 10:87, 21:48
  • Praise for Aaron: 37:114, 37:114, 37:118, 37:119, 37:120, 37:122
  • The Golden Dogie: 7:150, xx:94

External links [edit]

Israelite religious titles
New title Loftier Priest of State of israel
Years unknown 		Succeeded by

Eleazar

stewartgreptaid.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron

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